I put this together for a friend of mine who received this message yesterday and asked for help drafting a response:
The first thing I would say in response to these questions is that when we look at the events that have happened in Ferguson, ranging from the shooting of Michael Brown on August 9; through the weeks of protests during the investigation into his death; the formation of a grand jury over whether his shooter, Officer Darren Wilson, deserved to stand trial for his actions on August 9; the lack of an indictment against Darren Wilson; and finally the protests that continue in Ferguson and across the US today, it is important to understand that these events do not exist in a vacuum.
The Context
It is difficult for people born since the 1960s to fully appreciate the legacy of racial tension in this country. We live in an America that ostensibly provides “freedom and justice for all,” and our current president is of African-American descent. A lot of work has been done in dismantling the systemic racism that allowed white Americans to participate in and support slavery for 150 years, and segregation for 100 years after that.
It becomes easy, then, for white Americans to say: 1.) race is no longer an issue in this country, and 2.) even if it was an issue, it’s not my issue, because I never owned slaves and I am not a racist and I don’t mind if black people drink from my water fountain.
The problem with these statements is that while it is definitely true that progress has been made, America does not provide the same sort of freedom and justice to people of all races, and it is everyone’s problem. It is, perhaps, most especially the problem of the people who benefit the most from our current systems: namely, white Americans.
The Stats
Let's talk numbers.
According to the most recent US census, African Americans make up 13.2% of the total US population. Keep that in mind as we go through these numbers:
28% of people living in poverty in this country are African American.
the average household net worth of white Americans is $110,000. For African Americans, that number is $5,000.
African Americans are twice as likely as white Americans to be unemployed. This statistic is not dependent on level of education.
African Americans make up 50% of the homicide victims in this country.
(however, 77% of the people on death row who have been executed since 1977 have been killed for murdering a white victim)
(furthermore, if convicted of murder, African Americans are 38% more likely to be given the death sentence than members of other racial groups)
1 in every 15 African American men is incarcerated (or 1 in 11 adults). For white Americans, that number is 1 in 106 men (or 1 in 45 adults).
African Americans account for nearly 40% of the prison population in the US.
1 in 6 black students is expelled from school at some point in their life, in comparison to 1 in 20 white students.
black and Hispanic students trail their white peers by an average of more than 20 test-score points on the NAEP math and reading assessments at 4th and 8th grades, a difference of about two grade levels.
Again: it is most certainly true that progress has been made since the days when it was illegal for a black American to drink from the same water fountain as a white student. That doesn’t mean, however, that race doesn’t still affect people’s lives in negative ways.
I would argue that race is a powerful force that dramatically shapes the opportunities and even rights that people are given in this country.
Okay, so maybe I believe you that we don’t live in a post-racial society. It’s still not MY problem. I am not a racist.
I’m really glad you would never join the KKK! That is definitely a mark in your favor. But let’s deconstruct those statements a little bit.
First, we should probably talk about what racism actually means. The simplest definition I’ve come across is as follows:
Racism consists of both prejudice and discrimination based in social perceptions of biological differences between peoples. It often takes the form of social actions, practices or beliefs, or political systems that consider different races to be ranked as inherently superior or inferior to each other, based on presumed shared inheritable traits, abilities, or qualities.
Let’s break this down a little more.
When people say they aren’t racist, they often mean that they don’t feel prejudiced against a group of people based on their skin color. They might have Black or Hispanic or Asian or Native American friends. They might think it’s really disgusting that only 60 years ago a bunch of US states still segregated their public schools. They might have voted for Barack Obama.
All of those things are great! And none of those things could have happened just a few generations ago in America, so, like I said: progress!
But another part of racism is “discrimination based in social perceptions” that can “take the form of social actions, practices or beliefs.” There’s something really important to understand here. Racism can be part of social systems.
I don’t understand what that means.
Okay, let’s think of some examples.
How about media portrayal of African Americans? Outside of the underrepresentation of black stories in mainstream media in general, studies have found “Negative associations exaggerated — particularly criminality, unemployment, and poverty” and “Positive associations limited — particularly, sports, physical achievement in general, virility, and musicality.” Black Americans are not just criminals, and they are more than jazz and the NBA, yet it is difficult to find varied, nuanced Black characters in movies, television shows, novels, video games, and other media outlets.
There have been studies done on unconscious bias: take a look at these articles if you have the time. If you don’t have time, let me pull out a quick quote:
“According to Williams, the research shows that when people hold a negative stereotype about a group and meet someone from that group, they often treat that person differently and honestly don't even realize it. Williams noted that most Americans would object to being labeled as ‘racist’ or even as ‘discriminating,’ but he added, ‘Welcome to the human race. It is a normal process about how all of us process information.’ … [U]nless we intentionally go out of our way to learn about and become aware of our own bias, it is likely to spill out at the most inopportune time, like during a stressful traffic stop (in the case of a law enforcement officer) or during a medical emergency in the ER.”
Like the person quoted in that article, I don’t think that most of the people in these studies would say they are racist. But that doesn’t mean that racism has ceased to exist. In some cases it is a personal, subconscious sort of discrimination that plays out in subtle ways. In other cases it is woven into systems, like how American media corporations do not generally have accurate, representative portrayals of minorities in their hit shows and movies.
Maybe the most important thing to understand here is that all of these things are really, REALLY easy to miss if you are not in the minority group.
If YOUR emails always get answered, and YOUR resume doesn’t get passed over, and YOU get to walk through life without people unconsciously battling fear when they see you, it’s a lot easier to believe that racism is a thing of the past. After all, racial discrimination is illegal, and people of color have held many of the highest positions in our country’s government and military, as well as cultural seats of power. Furthermore, studies have shown that Americans have very segregated social networks, and so without actively working to interact with and befriend people of different races, you might never learn about your own blind spots.
But What Does This Have To Do With Ferguson?
Good question.
Here’s where I’ll try to tie this all together. You know how I said that white people have mostly white social networks? And also that it’s easy for white people to overlook the way the systems in place are biased towards them?
Those two facts mean that white people have a very, very different understanding of and relationship to police and the criminal justice system than black people do in America.
A survey done in August showed stark racial divisions in reactions to the death of Michael Brown, but lets go back even earlier.
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Next we should talk about this case from New Jersey where a black man was facing prison time on charges of eluding arrest and assault before a video surfaced that directly refuted claims that multiple cops made. You should note here that an audio recording had a police officer shouting things like “stop trying to take my gun” and “stop resisting arrest,” while the video showed Marcus Jeter sitting in his car with his hands in the air, not reaching for a gun or resisting arrest at all. (An article I read around the time this first hit the news noted that unconscious racial bias may have made the police officer legitimately afraid for his life, but that does not mean that Marcus Jeter deserved jail time or the rough arrest that he recieved).
There are a disproportionately high number of African Americans shot by police each year, and studies have shown that police are quicker to shoot African Americans than people of other races, although some of the same studies have shown that members of the police display a lesser racial bias than members of the community who undergo the same testing; this is attributed to high-quality role-play that enhances decision-making under stress.
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Or let’s take another, more famous example: the Trayvon Martin case. When George Zimmerman, a very light-skinned Latino man with a name that can pass for white, was able walk away from killing an unarmed black teenager, people’s opinions about what happened often were divided on racial lines. White Americans often felt that the system had worked as it should: evidence was presented, the jury deliberated, and the outcome was based on logic and the rule of law. Black Americans, on the other hand, were outraged: a black teenager was dead, and no one was going to pay for it, and it seemed like no one cared at all.
When this case is contrasted with other high-profile decisions, such as the 2010 Marissa Alexander case – have you heard of that one, by the way? A black woman fired a warning shot at her abusive husband, not harming anyone, and plead self-defense under the same “Stand Your Ground” law that George Zimmerman successfully used to defend himself against a murder charge. She was found guilty of gun-related aggravated assault and sentenced to 20 years in prison despite not harming anyone (since then she received a retrial and her sentence was reduced to three years) –- so yes, when Trayvon Martin’s case is contrasted with cases like Marissa Alexander’s, many Black Americans, as well as some other Americans of different races, feel like the criminal justice system is stacked against Black Americans.
Ferguson is 67% black, but the demographics of the Ferguson police do not represent the community. There are 3 black officers on the police force, giving a 5% black representation rate.
Black residents accounted for 86% of the vehicle stops made by Ferguson police over the past year and nearly 93% of the arrests made from those stops
Okay, that’s interesting, but I want to talk about what actually happened with Michael Brown.
Alright, let’s move on.
I’ve given you all this background information in hopes that it will make clear why one of the rallying cries of the national protests that have erupted recently is “Black Lives Matter.” Hopefully you can see now that because of systemic racism, the sort of prejudice and discrimination that is still woven into many facets of life in America, many Black Americans feel like they are constantly being told their lives don’t matter. And because of the statistics I told you earlier – you know, the one about a black person being shot by vigilantes or police every 28 hours in America, or the one about 1 in 11 Black adults being incarcerated – there was simmering discontent long before Michael Brown was shot and killed on August 9. (In fact, I would like to point out here that in the month that Michael Brown was killed, Eric Garner, John Crawford, Ezell Ford, and Dante Parker were all killed by police - 4 other unarmed black men killed in various cities across the US. The same week the Ferguson grand jury released their ruling on Darren Wilson, a 12-year-old black boy was killed because he was playing with a pellet gun).
So what happened with Michael Brown?
Some things consider when thinking about Michael Brown’s death and its aftermath:
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some white construction workers who live in a nearby town were caught on video the day of the shooting saying that Michael Brown had his hands up and that Darren Wilson didn’t say to “get on the ground”
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The police force has used tear gas on protesters on many occasions. (Please note, here, that tear gas is a chemical weapon prohibited for use in warfare by various international treaties.)
MSNBC interviewed a Grand Wizard of the KKK about Ferguson and some have interpreted his responses as an admission that some members of the Ferguson and/or St. Louis police force are KKK members. In any case, he plainly stated that he has friends on the police force, which is an unsettling finding, to say the least.
Okay, but I still don’t understand why people are angry about the grand jury decision. The grand jury heard a lot of evidence and decided Wilson was innocent, right? So why the riots?
Alright, hold up. Let’s be clear, here: the purpose of the grand jury was not to find Wilson innocent or guilty. The purpose of the grand jury was to decide if there was a reason to go to trial.
Do you understand, now, why many Black Americans are upset, and where the “Black Lives Matter” chant is coming from? When the grand jury decided not to indict him – not to bring Darren Wilson to trial, where evidence regarding the shooting, Darren Wilson’s actions, and Michael Brown’s death would be presented in front of a judge and jury – they were saying that the death of an unarmed black teenager, who some eyewitness accounts claimed had his hands up, did not merit a trial.
Furthermore, this is also part of the tension.
But let’s rehash what we’ve talked about so far. It’s not just the grand jury decision that has people upset. It’s that there were already underlying tensions between the majority black population in Ferguson with the majority white police force; it’s that the police force acted, in the weeks after the shooting, with less transparency than may have been advisable; it’s that nonviolent protesters and journalists were arrested, in violation of their First Amendment rights; it’s that unarmed black men get shot by police officers way, way too often in this country.
Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr, said in 1968, scant weeks before his assassination, “It is not enough for me to stand before you tonight and condemn riots. It would be morally irresponsible for me to do that without, at the same time, condemning the contingent, intolerable conditions that exist in our society. These conditions are the things that cause individuals to feel that they have no other alternative than to engage in violent rebellions to get attention. And I must say tonight that a riot is the language of the unheard.”
This does not condone violent riots, but it goes a long way towards understanding why they happen.
So ... Do You Think There Should Have Been an Indictment?
Police officers “rarely face legal consequences for allegations of misconduct.” Even getting an indictment is rare, let alone having police face legal punishment, and so I have to admit I was hoping that there would be an indictment – I would like to see a challenge to that status quo. I think it is important to challenge the idea that members of the police are exempt from criticism; when someone puts on a uniform and picks up a lethal weapon with the understanding that they will be protecting and serving the public with that lethal weapon, I think it is appropriate to hold them to the highest standards and ensure that there is transparency and accountability in every aspect of their relationship with the public. Taking Darren Wilson to trial would have communicated that the police department was committed to accountability for every life that is taken.
But the bigger issue, here, is that, as Joel Reinstein wrote,
“On the morning of George Zimmerman’s acquittal of Trayvon Martin’s murder earlier this year, with the mainstream media raising the specter of riots, blogger Jay Smooth made a prediction: ‘The fundamental danger of an acquittal is not more riots, it is more George Zimmermans.’
There were no riots. There have been more George Zimmermans.”
To steal a phrase from the protest movement, the more important thing is to indict the system. More important than indicting Darren Wilson is raising a generation of Americans who will question the systems we have in place, take them to trial and push back against the implicit and explicit racism that is left after all these decades of progress.
Once we understand that racism is NOT over, it becomes our collective responsibility to deal with it.
That’s happening, I think.
Let’s call that the silver lining of hope.
